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&#13;
None of the interviews stream online.  To obtain access to an interview, you must request by contacting us directly, providing a brief description of your project and your research interests.  Our email address is:  info AT rainbowhistory DOT org&#13;
&#13;
One of our team will share the file from our Google Drive, and you can listen from home.  Please be sure to have "Music Player for Google Drive" enabled on your machine to play the recording.  www.driveplayer.com&#13;
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                <text>Steve Weinberg was born in 1952 in Brooklyn, NY, to a very sports-oriented family. While attending the University of Buffalo in the early 70s, he began grappling with his sexuality, and decided to see a psychiatrist. However, after an unhelpful experience with psychiatry, he abandoned this initial attempt to come out. Steve subsequently moved to DC in 1974 to attend law school, and was closeted and dating women for several years. However, in 1979 Steve noticed an ad in the Washington Blade for the Gay and Lesbian Switchboard, and decided to reach out to them for guidance. Steve joined their programs and social gatherings for gay men seeking to come out, and eventually began to enjoy living as a gay man in DC. However, he still yearned to find fellow sports enthusiasts in the gay community.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Steve met law school acquaintance Cal Steinmetz at drag bar the Rogue. The two became best friends––bonding over their similar upbringings, and intense love of sports––and Steve eventually joined Cal’s law practice in Dupont Circle. Meanwhile, gay sports leagues began forming in DC in the early 80s with the creation of DC Sports, and Steve and Cal enthusiastically joined various gay leagues. Steve played softball, bowling, and tennis, finding the leagues a great way to meet other gay men, make friends, and engage in friendly competition.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In 1993, after learning that the 1994 Gay Games were set to be in New York, Steve––an ice hockey fanatic––decided to create DC’s very own gay ice hockey team. His team competed in both the 1994 and 1998 Gay Games, winning the gold medal in 1994. In September of 2025, Steve currently splits his time between Florida and Silver Spring, and continues to bowl and play pickleball. He notes that the gay leagues are far less popular than they once were, and wonders how growing acceptance of LGBT people has affected their existence.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;He is nostalgic for the time when gay sports spaces were all the rage, where one could share a space with other gay people and be fully understood. Steve critiques the current political atmosphere in 2025 of LGBT repression and hate, and wonders how this will affect all the progress of acceptance that’s been made. He also muses that in recent times, he’s been more forthcoming with telling people he’s gay.</text>
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&#13;
Each interview in this collection has a narrator telling the story and a documenter guiding the process. &#13;
&#13;
Collected since the founding of the RHP, this collection is growing and is open to researchers. &#13;
&#13;
All interviews have been digitized and are described in the catalog; only some of them have transcripts available. &#13;
&#13;
None of the interviews stream online.  To obtain access to an interview, you must request by contacting us directly, providing a brief description of your project and your research interests.  Our email address is:  info AT rainbowhistory DOT org&#13;
&#13;
One of our team will share the file from our Google Drive, and you can listen from home.  Please be sure to have "Music Player for Google Drive" enabled on your machine to play the recording.  www.driveplayer.com&#13;
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                <text>This oral history belongs to the Rainbow History Project &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In this interview, Nancy discusses AA a few times in this interview. We have removed all mentions of AA in her public interview. Only AA members can access the uncensored version. For more information, please reach out to: &lt;a href="mailto:oralhistories@rainbowhistory.org"&gt;oralhistories@rainbowhistory.org&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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                <text>Nancy Tucker moved with her family to the DC metro area in the late 1950s when her father was hired at the Pentagon. In 1966, while a student at Mary Washington University, Tucker learned of The Mattachine Society of Washington from gay newspapers coming out from San Francisco. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Upon turning twenty-one, Tucker applied for membership. At the time, the Mattachine Society preached concepts of civil libertarianism, in which homosexuals would receive their civil rights upon proving they were assimilated, upstanding citizens. However, the 1969 Stonewall riots (and the birth of the gay liberation movement) quickly began changing the face of gay&lt;br /&gt;activism in DC. During this time, The Mattachine Society of Washington asked Tucker if she would be the co-editor of a community newspaper for the DC gay community. Tucker agreed,&lt;br /&gt;and thus the famous Washington Blade was born. Tucker ran the Blade for several years–often as an entirely self-funded endeavor–and provided an invaluable resource to the DC gay&lt;br /&gt;community in the early 1970s. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Although Tucker was involved in various activist groups during this time (often through her role as editor of the Blade), she found it difficult to find her place in these burgeoning movements, as she was uncomfortable with both the radical separatism of the women’s liberation movement as well as the misogyny of majority-male groups such as the Gay Liberation Front. By the mid-70s, Tucker handed off the Blade to others in the community, and left the world of gay activism. Tucker became re-involved in the DC gay community in the late 1980s via the Gay Women’s Alternative (where she eventually became president), and helped organize their programming around the wildly popular topics of “sex and shrinks.” In her later years, Tucker moved to San Francisco with her partner, and ultimately retired in Albuquerque.</text>
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                  <text>Sheila Alexander-Reid, September 11, 1998&#13;
Wanda Alston, September 11, 1998&#13;
Beverly F. Baker, September 10, 1998&#13;
Lawrence R. Banks, Jr., June 5, 1998&#13;
Joan E. Biren (JEB), June 2, 1998&#13;
Warren Blumenfeld, June 5, 1998&#13;
“Michael Borchert,” May 31, 1994 and June 15, 1998&#13;
Darren Buckner, June 13, 1998&#13;
Earline Budd, June 21, 1998&#13;
Donald Burch, III, June 22, 1999&#13;
Carlene Cheatam, June 4, 1998&#13;
Kwabena Rainey Cheeks, June 3, 1998&#13;
Lou Chibbaro, Jr., June 5, 1998&#13;
Countess Clarke, November 4, 2000&#13;
Tracey Conaty, May 27, 1998&#13;
Darryl Cooper, September 24, 1998&#13;
Ruby Corado, June 24, 2013&#13;
Mindy Daniels, May 22, 1998&#13;
Carol Anne Douglas, June 3, 1998&#13;
Larry Duckette, August 8, 1998 and October 5, 1999&#13;
Roy Eddey, September 6, 1998&#13;
Mary Farmer, August 6, 1998&#13;
Gideon Ferebee, Jr., October 9, 2000&#13;
Michael Ferri, June 20, 1998&#13;
“Haviland Ferris,” May 16, 1994 and May 21, 1998&#13;
Barney Frank, May 22, 1998&#13;
Jack Frey and Peter Morris, March 22, 1994&#13;
“Richard Galvin,” January 12, 1995&#13;
Gil Gerald, January 30, 2013&#13;
Theresa Gilchrist, June 15, 1999&#13;
Letitia Gomez, July 3, 1998&#13;
Jim Graham, May 26, 1998&#13;
Jaime Grant, June 2, 1998&#13;
Pat Hamilton, January 13, 1995&#13;
Reginald Harris, November 10, 2000&#13;
“Scott Harrison,” June 2, 1994&#13;
Diane Herz, June 27, 1998&#13;
Susan Hester, August 11, 1998&#13;
Leonard Hirsch, May 30, 1998&#13;
Meryl Hooker, June 2, 1998&#13;
Craig Howell, June 9, 1998&#13;
Chi Hughes, July 1, 1999&#13;
Louis Hughes, December 21, 2000&#13;
Loraine Hutchins, April 3, 1998&#13;
Sue Hyde, June 26, 1998&#13;
Edward James, May 25, 1994&#13;
Ralph Jarnagin, June 6, 1994&#13;
“Boots Johns,” July 14, 1997&#13;
Cary Alan Johnson, May 27, 1998&#13;
Sharen Shaw Johnson, August 7, 1998&#13;
ABilly S. Jones, June 15, 1999&#13;
Wayson Jones, June 27, 1998&#13;
“Andy Jordan,” May 29, 1998&#13;
Frank Kameny, March 20, 1994 and June 6, 1998&#13;
Kenneth Kero-Mentz, December 20, 2012&#13;
Thomas “Dusty” Keyes, May 30, 1994 and May 23, 1998&#13;
Kris Kleeberg, June 25, 1998&#13;
Deb Kolodny, May 26, 1998&#13;
Paul Kuntzler, August 5, 1998&#13;
Steve Langley, September 25, 1999&#13;
Barbara Lewis, June 12, 1998&#13;
Deacon Maccubbin, May 27, 1998&#13;
V. Papaya Mann, June 23, 1999&#13;
Lindsay McBride, August 7, 1998&#13;
Monique Meadows, September 1, 1998&#13;
Dennis Medina, July 8, 1998&#13;
Susan Messina, September 10, 1998&#13;
Deb Morris, September 25, 1998&#13;
Jack Nichols, May 20, 1995 and June 18, 1998&#13;
Diana Onley-Campbell, June 1, 1998&#13;
“Edith Parker,” June 9, 1994 and June 1, 1998&#13;
Michelle Parkerson, June 1, 1998 and June 29, 1999&#13;
Bruce Pennington, June 15, 1998&#13;
Isaiah J. Poole, May 31, 1998&#13;
Chris Prince, July 1, 1998&#13;
Ted Richards, May 24, 1995 and May 31, 1998&#13;
Robert Ricks, May 19, 1995&#13;
Colin Robinson, November 5, 2000&#13;
Rick Rosendall, August 8, 1998&#13;
Michael Sainte-Andress, June 21, 1999&#13;
Yolanda Santiago, June 9, 1998&#13;
Ron Simmons, June 3, 1998&#13;
Michael Singerman, June 1, 1998&#13;
Esther Smith, June 9, 1994&#13;
Sabrina Sojourner, June 12, 1998&#13;
Cheryl Ann Spector, May 26, 1998&#13;
James P. Theis, June 4, 1998&#13;
Thurlow Tibbs, May 24, 1994&#13;
“M. Tilden-Morgan,” May 23, 1994 and May 25, 1998&#13;
Jane Troxell, June 3, 1998&#13;
Nancy Tucker, June 19, 1998&#13;
Otto H. Ulrich, Jr., May 24, 1995 and May 23, 1998&#13;
Urvashi Vaid, December 17, 1998&#13;
Robert Michael Vanzant, May 25, 1998&#13;
Lilli Vincenz, June 6, 1998&#13;
Anne Vonhof, January 9, 2013&#13;
Ann Wachtel, May 30, 1998&#13;
 “Ed Wallace,” May 25, 1994 and June 4, 1998&#13;
“Robert Wayne,” June 10, 1998&#13;
Courtney Williams, July 15, 1999&#13;
Jessica Xavier, April 2, 1998 and June 3, 1998&#13;
Michael Yarr, September 13, 1998&#13;
Bill Youngblood, June 1, 1994 and May 26, 1998&#13;
Amelie Zurn, May 28, 1998&#13;
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                <text>This is an Oral History interview taken by Genny Beemyn for their book "A Queer Capital: a History of Gay Life in Washington D.C." They have donated their interviews to the Rainbow History Project.</text>
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                <text>&lt;strong&gt;Interested in listening to this audio?&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;br /&gt;Email &lt;a href="mailto:oralhistories@rainbowhistory.org"&gt;oralhistories@rainbowhistory.org&lt;/a&gt; for access</text>
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                <text>&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight:400;"&gt;In 1967, Nancy Tucker was a young college student in DC interested in meeting other openly gay people. Having heard about the Mattachine Society of Washington through gay newspapers coming out of San Francisco, she contacted the group and interviewed for membership. At the time, the Mattachine Society–led by pioneering LGBT activists such as Frank Kameny, Eva Freund, and Lilli Vincenz–preached concepts of civil libertarianism, in which homosexuals would receive their civil rights upon proving they were assimilated, upstanding citizens. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight:400;"&gt;However, Tucker describes how the mood began to change in 1969, when the Stonewall Riots kickstarted the Gay Liberation movement. This tension between liberationist and assimilationist politics led to The Mattachine Society of Washington starting a publication, initially with the intention of communicating civil libertarianism to the gay community in Washington. Tucker was chosen as one of the editors, and thus the famous &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight:400;"&gt;Washington Blade &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight:400;"&gt;was born&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight:400;"&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight:400;"&gt;Tucker describes how the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight:400;"&gt;Blade &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight:400;"&gt;soon became an important newspaper for the gay community. Distributed at various gay spots throughout DC, it communicated not only general news about the community, but also roommate referral services, warnings of police entrapment, and eventually news about even the more previously underground LGBT communities, such as the drag and leather communities. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight:400;"&gt;As the liberation movements of the late 60s and 70s grew in popularity, Tucker describes how it became increasingly difficult to find her own place in them. She was uncomfortable with both the misogyny of the overwhelmingly gay male Gay Liberation Front, as well as the radical feminism of lesbian separatist groups such as The Furies Collective. Tucker left the gay activist community in the mid-1970s, passed on the publishing of &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight:400;"&gt;The Washington Blade&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight:400;"&gt; to others, and subsequently became more involved with AA and gay AA groups. In the late 80s, however, Tucker re-entered the community via the Gay Women’s Alternative and OWLS (Older Wiser Lesbians), and enjoyed creating lesbian spaces with lectures, potlucks, dances, and other community programming. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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                  <text>Sheila Alexander-Reid, September 11, 1998&#13;
Wanda Alston, September 11, 1998&#13;
Beverly F. Baker, September 10, 1998&#13;
Lawrence R. Banks, Jr., June 5, 1998&#13;
Joan E. Biren (JEB), June 2, 1998&#13;
Warren Blumenfeld, June 5, 1998&#13;
“Michael Borchert,” May 31, 1994 and June 15, 1998&#13;
Darren Buckner, June 13, 1998&#13;
Earline Budd, June 21, 1998&#13;
Donald Burch, III, June 22, 1999&#13;
Carlene Cheatam, June 4, 1998&#13;
Kwabena Rainey Cheeks, June 3, 1998&#13;
Lou Chibbaro, Jr., June 5, 1998&#13;
Countess Clarke, November 4, 2000&#13;
Tracey Conaty, May 27, 1998&#13;
Darryl Cooper, September 24, 1998&#13;
Ruby Corado, June 24, 2013&#13;
Mindy Daniels, May 22, 1998&#13;
Carol Anne Douglas, June 3, 1998&#13;
Larry Duckette, August 8, 1998 and October 5, 1999&#13;
Roy Eddey, September 6, 1998&#13;
Mary Farmer, August 6, 1998&#13;
Gideon Ferebee, Jr., October 9, 2000&#13;
Michael Ferri, June 20, 1998&#13;
“Haviland Ferris,” May 16, 1994 and May 21, 1998&#13;
Barney Frank, May 22, 1998&#13;
Jack Frey and Peter Morris, March 22, 1994&#13;
“Richard Galvin,” January 12, 1995&#13;
Gil Gerald, January 30, 2013&#13;
Theresa Gilchrist, June 15, 1999&#13;
Letitia Gomez, July 3, 1998&#13;
Jim Graham, May 26, 1998&#13;
Jaime Grant, June 2, 1998&#13;
Pat Hamilton, January 13, 1995&#13;
Reginald Harris, November 10, 2000&#13;
“Scott Harrison,” June 2, 1994&#13;
Diane Herz, June 27, 1998&#13;
Susan Hester, August 11, 1998&#13;
Leonard Hirsch, May 30, 1998&#13;
Meryl Hooker, June 2, 1998&#13;
Craig Howell, June 9, 1998&#13;
Chi Hughes, July 1, 1999&#13;
Louis Hughes, December 21, 2000&#13;
Loraine Hutchins, April 3, 1998&#13;
Sue Hyde, June 26, 1998&#13;
Edward James, May 25, 1994&#13;
Ralph Jarnagin, June 6, 1994&#13;
“Boots Johns,” July 14, 1997&#13;
Cary Alan Johnson, May 27, 1998&#13;
Sharen Shaw Johnson, August 7, 1998&#13;
ABilly S. Jones, June 15, 1999&#13;
Wayson Jones, June 27, 1998&#13;
“Andy Jordan,” May 29, 1998&#13;
Frank Kameny, March 20, 1994 and June 6, 1998&#13;
Kenneth Kero-Mentz, December 20, 2012&#13;
Thomas “Dusty” Keyes, May 30, 1994 and May 23, 1998&#13;
Kris Kleeberg, June 25, 1998&#13;
Deb Kolodny, May 26, 1998&#13;
Paul Kuntzler, August 5, 1998&#13;
Steve Langley, September 25, 1999&#13;
Barbara Lewis, June 12, 1998&#13;
Deacon Maccubbin, May 27, 1998&#13;
V. Papaya Mann, June 23, 1999&#13;
Lindsay McBride, August 7, 1998&#13;
Monique Meadows, September 1, 1998&#13;
Dennis Medina, July 8, 1998&#13;
Susan Messina, September 10, 1998&#13;
Deb Morris, September 25, 1998&#13;
Jack Nichols, May 20, 1995 and June 18, 1998&#13;
Diana Onley-Campbell, June 1, 1998&#13;
“Edith Parker,” June 9, 1994 and June 1, 1998&#13;
Michelle Parkerson, June 1, 1998 and June 29, 1999&#13;
Bruce Pennington, June 15, 1998&#13;
Isaiah J. Poole, May 31, 1998&#13;
Chris Prince, July 1, 1998&#13;
Ted Richards, May 24, 1995 and May 31, 1998&#13;
Robert Ricks, May 19, 1995&#13;
Colin Robinson, November 5, 2000&#13;
Rick Rosendall, August 8, 1998&#13;
Michael Sainte-Andress, June 21, 1999&#13;
Yolanda Santiago, June 9, 1998&#13;
Ron Simmons, June 3, 1998&#13;
Michael Singerman, June 1, 1998&#13;
Esther Smith, June 9, 1994&#13;
Sabrina Sojourner, June 12, 1998&#13;
Cheryl Ann Spector, May 26, 1998&#13;
James P. Theis, June 4, 1998&#13;
Thurlow Tibbs, May 24, 1994&#13;
“M. Tilden-Morgan,” May 23, 1994 and May 25, 1998&#13;
Jane Troxell, June 3, 1998&#13;
Nancy Tucker, June 19, 1998&#13;
Otto H. Ulrich, Jr., May 24, 1995 and May 23, 1998&#13;
Urvashi Vaid, December 17, 1998&#13;
Robert Michael Vanzant, May 25, 1998&#13;
Lilli Vincenz, June 6, 1998&#13;
Anne Vonhof, January 9, 2013&#13;
Ann Wachtel, May 30, 1998&#13;
 “Ed Wallace,” May 25, 1994 and June 4, 1998&#13;
“Robert Wayne,” June 10, 1998&#13;
Courtney Williams, July 15, 1999&#13;
Jessica Xavier, April 2, 1998 and June 3, 1998&#13;
Michael Yarr, September 13, 1998&#13;
Bill Youngblood, June 1, 1994 and May 26, 1998&#13;
Amelie Zurn, May 28, 1998&#13;
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                <text>&lt;b&gt;Would you like to listen to this audio?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight:400;"&gt;Please email &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="mailto:oralhistories@rainbowhistory.org"&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight:400;"&gt;oralhistories@rainbowhistory.org&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight:400;"&gt; to request access&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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                <text>This interview was donated to RHP by Genny Beemyn </text>
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                <text>Yolanda Santiago is a Latina lesbian activist and the former president of ENLACE, an organization dedicated to supporting LGBT+ Latinos. In this interview, she reflects on her dual identity as both Latina and lesbian, and the ways that intersection shaped her experiences within the predominantly white LGBT+ community. She explains how the struggles and priorities of Latino LGBT+ people, such as immigration status, economic survival, and culturally rooted definitions of family, often differed significantly from those of white LGBT+ individuals.&#13;
&#13;
In this interview, she also discusses her leadership within ENLACE, including organizing community dances as acts of political power designed to demonstrate collective strength and demand recognition from both mainstream Latino institutions and the broader LGBTQ+ community. Under her guidance, ENLACE established critical services such as a national Latino gay and lesbian hotline and HIV/AIDS outreach programs. Santiago further reflects on the Mount Pleasant riots and the community response to the murder of Anna Marie Rosario, situating these events within broader struggles for justice and visibility.</text>
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                  <text>Sheila Alexander-Reid, September 11, 1998&#13;
Wanda Alston, September 11, 1998&#13;
Beverly F. Baker, September 10, 1998&#13;
Lawrence R. Banks, Jr., June 5, 1998&#13;
Joan E. Biren (JEB), June 2, 1998&#13;
Warren Blumenfeld, June 5, 1998&#13;
“Michael Borchert,” May 31, 1994 and June 15, 1998&#13;
Darren Buckner, June 13, 1998&#13;
Earline Budd, June 21, 1998&#13;
Donald Burch, III, June 22, 1999&#13;
Carlene Cheatam, June 4, 1998&#13;
Kwabena Rainey Cheeks, June 3, 1998&#13;
Lou Chibbaro, Jr., June 5, 1998&#13;
Countess Clarke, November 4, 2000&#13;
Tracey Conaty, May 27, 1998&#13;
Darryl Cooper, September 24, 1998&#13;
Ruby Corado, June 24, 2013&#13;
Mindy Daniels, May 22, 1998&#13;
Carol Anne Douglas, June 3, 1998&#13;
Larry Duckette, August 8, 1998 and October 5, 1999&#13;
Roy Eddey, September 6, 1998&#13;
Mary Farmer, August 6, 1998&#13;
Gideon Ferebee, Jr., October 9, 2000&#13;
Michael Ferri, June 20, 1998&#13;
“Haviland Ferris,” May 16, 1994 and May 21, 1998&#13;
Barney Frank, May 22, 1998&#13;
Jack Frey and Peter Morris, March 22, 1994&#13;
“Richard Galvin,” January 12, 1995&#13;
Gil Gerald, January 30, 2013&#13;
Theresa Gilchrist, June 15, 1999&#13;
Letitia Gomez, July 3, 1998&#13;
Jim Graham, May 26, 1998&#13;
Jaime Grant, June 2, 1998&#13;
Pat Hamilton, January 13, 1995&#13;
Reginald Harris, November 10, 2000&#13;
“Scott Harrison,” June 2, 1994&#13;
Diane Herz, June 27, 1998&#13;
Susan Hester, August 11, 1998&#13;
Leonard Hirsch, May 30, 1998&#13;
Meryl Hooker, June 2, 1998&#13;
Craig Howell, June 9, 1998&#13;
Chi Hughes, July 1, 1999&#13;
Louis Hughes, December 21, 2000&#13;
Loraine Hutchins, April 3, 1998&#13;
Sue Hyde, June 26, 1998&#13;
Edward James, May 25, 1994&#13;
Ralph Jarnagin, June 6, 1994&#13;
“Boots Johns,” July 14, 1997&#13;
Cary Alan Johnson, May 27, 1998&#13;
Sharen Shaw Johnson, August 7, 1998&#13;
ABilly S. Jones, June 15, 1999&#13;
Wayson Jones, June 27, 1998&#13;
“Andy Jordan,” May 29, 1998&#13;
Frank Kameny, March 20, 1994 and June 6, 1998&#13;
Kenneth Kero-Mentz, December 20, 2012&#13;
Thomas “Dusty” Keyes, May 30, 1994 and May 23, 1998&#13;
Kris Kleeberg, June 25, 1998&#13;
Deb Kolodny, May 26, 1998&#13;
Paul Kuntzler, August 5, 1998&#13;
Steve Langley, September 25, 1999&#13;
Barbara Lewis, June 12, 1998&#13;
Deacon Maccubbin, May 27, 1998&#13;
V. Papaya Mann, June 23, 1999&#13;
Lindsay McBride, August 7, 1998&#13;
Monique Meadows, September 1, 1998&#13;
Dennis Medina, July 8, 1998&#13;
Susan Messina, September 10, 1998&#13;
Deb Morris, September 25, 1998&#13;
Jack Nichols, May 20, 1995 and June 18, 1998&#13;
Diana Onley-Campbell, June 1, 1998&#13;
“Edith Parker,” June 9, 1994 and June 1, 1998&#13;
Michelle Parkerson, June 1, 1998 and June 29, 1999&#13;
Bruce Pennington, June 15, 1998&#13;
Isaiah J. Poole, May 31, 1998&#13;
Chris Prince, July 1, 1998&#13;
Ted Richards, May 24, 1995 and May 31, 1998&#13;
Robert Ricks, May 19, 1995&#13;
Colin Robinson, November 5, 2000&#13;
Rick Rosendall, August 8, 1998&#13;
Michael Sainte-Andress, June 21, 1999&#13;
Yolanda Santiago, June 9, 1998&#13;
Ron Simmons, June 3, 1998&#13;
Michael Singerman, June 1, 1998&#13;
Esther Smith, June 9, 1994&#13;
Sabrina Sojourner, June 12, 1998&#13;
Cheryl Ann Spector, May 26, 1998&#13;
James P. Theis, June 4, 1998&#13;
Thurlow Tibbs, May 24, 1994&#13;
“M. Tilden-Morgan,” May 23, 1994 and May 25, 1998&#13;
Jane Troxell, June 3, 1998&#13;
Nancy Tucker, June 19, 1998&#13;
Otto H. Ulrich, Jr., May 24, 1995 and May 23, 1998&#13;
Urvashi Vaid, December 17, 1998&#13;
Robert Michael Vanzant, May 25, 1998&#13;
Lilli Vincenz, June 6, 1998&#13;
Anne Vonhof, January 9, 2013&#13;
Ann Wachtel, May 30, 1998&#13;
 “Ed Wallace,” May 25, 1994 and June 4, 1998&#13;
“Robert Wayne,” June 10, 1998&#13;
Courtney Williams, July 15, 1999&#13;
Jessica Xavier, April 2, 1998 and June 3, 1998&#13;
Michael Yarr, September 13, 1998&#13;
Bill Youngblood, June 1, 1994 and May 26, 1998&#13;
Amelie Zurn, May 28, 1998&#13;
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                <text>Monique Meadows moved to Washington D.C. in 1993 after graduating from college to attend Howard University working towards a masters in political science. Upon arriving in D.C., Monique began to question her sexuality and decided to connect with local LGBT organizations, like the Lesbian Resource and Counseling Center, and Howard’s black LGBT group Oshala. Through those organizations, she met many people who were living openly in their sexualities. Since 1993, Monique has been connected with the Black Lesbian Support Group (BLSG) and became vice president in 1998. Through her work with BLSG, Monique wanted to create a community where women could freely express their sexualities and be comfortable living openly. &#13;
&#13;
Monique also discusses the black lesbian community in D.C. and the challenges they face in organizing within their community and with other LGBT communities in DC. Specifically, within the black lesbian community there was a disconnect between older and younger generations. Older generations felt like younger people were not interested in community organizing or in taking on leadership roles, while younger people felt like they wanted to be involved but needed mentorship and support from older people to make connections and understand how to organize. Monique explores how the black lesbian community wanted to connect LGBT issues to broader human rights campaigns to focus on intersectionality, leading to difficulty engaging with other communities to support LGBT issues and concern over how any action or inaction would be perceived. Additionally, she discusses the complicated connection between black lesbian and gay communities, including lack of interaction and women's discomfort existing in gay male spaces. </text>
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&#13;
One of our team will share the file from our Google Drive, and you can listen from home.  Please be sure to have "Music Player for Google Drive" enabled on your machine to play the recording.  www.driveplayer.com&#13;
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&#13;
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&#13;
One of our team will share the file from our Google Drive, and you can listen from home.  Please be sure to have "Music Player for Google Drive" enabled on your machine to play the recording.  www.driveplayer.com&#13;
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                    <text>A discussion on the historic intersection between the LGBTQ+
community and the Metropolitan Police Department of
Washington, DC, with Earline Budd, Craig Howell, Mindy Daniels,
Dee Curry, Brett Parson, and Rayceen Pendarvis.

�Rainbow History Project
Our mission is to collect, preserve, and promote an active
knowledge of the history, arts, and culture relevant to sexually
diverse communities in metropolitan Washington DC.
Please visit our website for more information about our
organization and how to make a donation of historical items or
funds to support our efforts.
www.rainbowhistory.org
Rainbow History Project
P.O. Box 73176
Washington, DC 20056

�A NOTE ABOUT TONIGHT’S PROGRAM
As we gather tonight, we come with the understanding that there might be
dissonance related to a topic and panel such as this one.
As we prepare to engage in conversation around LGBTQ+ people and the police,
we acknowledge that this relationship has not always been a positive one - and to
many, a relationship is still lacking. From the 2016 FBI hate crimes statistics, the
Human Rights Campaign reported that thousands of law enforcement agencies
across the country did not submit hate crimes data, and 88% simply indicated that
no hate crimes had occurred in their city. Given our own lived experiences, we
know this is not the case.
Historically, police enforced anti-LGBTQ+ laws that banned “homosexual acts,”
cops raided bars and gathering spaces for LGBTQ+ people, and LGBTQ+ people
often resorted to policing themselves as a result of explicit dismissal from officers.
While police forces, including the Metropolitan Police Department, have created
units and divisions within their ranks, LGBTQ+ people have traditionally had little
or no agency when it comes to laws impacting our communities, neighborhoods,
and society at large.
And despite these internal affinity groups, we know that many LGBTQ+ people
still face significant discrimination as a result of police force(s) and policing.
While we engage in tonight’s panel in the spirit of capturing where we have come
from with regard to this topic, we do not engage in a way that minimizes or
dismisses the real threat toward and against LGBTQ+ people that continues today.
Thank you for being here tonight. We look forward to a thoughtful and important
conversation ahead.

�TONIGHT’S PROGRAM
6:30-8:30 pm
Panel discussion of the history of the relationship between the
LGBTQ+ community and the police
Moderator
Rayceen Pendarvis
Panelists
Earline Budd
Dee Curry
Mindy Daniels
Craig Howell
Brett Parson
8:30-9 pm
Post-Panel Reception
If you have questions for the panel, please submit your questions
in writing on cards provided at the reception desk.
If you enjoy tonight’s history panel, consider making a donation
to Rainbow History Project to support future LGBTQ+ history
events.

�OUR PANELISTS
Earline Budd
Earline Budd is a 60-year-old transgender woman constantly fighting to make a
difference in the lives of transgender people and other members of the lesbian, gay,
and bisexual (LGBT) community. Earline works as a Non-Medical Case Manager
at Helping Individual People Survive, (HIPS) in Washington DC, serving  
transgender, lesbian, gay/bisexual and other individuals. She is one of the founding
members and former Executive Director of Transgender Health Empowerment,
Inc. founded in 1996. Earline is the Executive Director of Empowering the
Transgender Community ETC, a new grassroots 501c(3) non-profit organization
which will provide an array of services for Transgender people in the DC area.
ETC’s mission is striving to serve, empower, support and save lives daily. For
more than 20 years, Earline has been a consultant to local and national
organizations concerned with cultural sensitivity in working with transgender
people. Some of the trainings have been for the Substance Abuse and Mental
Health Services Administration (SAMPSA), The Center for Substance Abuse
Prevention (CSAP), the Pennsylvania Mid Atlantic Training Center, the DC
Department of Health, DC Department of Corrections, DC Crime Victim Program,
The Community Partnership for the Prevention of Homelessness, DC shelter
providers, and many others. Earline has over 25 years of experience in working
with these special populations and those struggling with substance abuse, mental
health, homelessness and HIV/AIDS. Earline has two years of college and is eager
to continue her education in social work.
Earline is one of the District of Columbia's first transgender women to serve as a
Commissioner in the Office of Human Rights. Earline also serves as a liaison to
the DC Department of Corrections on transgender issues, and is a member of the
Department of Corrections Transgender Advisory Committee. Earline was selected
by the District of Columbia Recovery Advisory Council (DCRAC) as their first
recipient for the Purple Wave Community Service Award on September 24, 2016.
Earline describes her everyday hobby as wanting to just "Help Some Body."

�Dee Curry
Dee Curry is a long time community member and volunteer. She is a native
Washingtonian and has lived in DC for 95% of her life. She is a staunch advocate
and civil rights activist. She believes that ALL LIVES MATTER. She was recently
sworn in as a member of the Street Harassment Board under the current DC mayor.
She has been a member of the Ryan White Planning Council and she was one of
the Transgender leaders responsible for founding Transgenders Against
Discrimination and Defamation (TADD).
She is currently organizing and promoting a wellness initiative for Washington, DC
called Solutions2Wellness/And Still I Rise. This initiative culminates in an annual
wellness conference in November. She is currently a member of the Anti-Violence
Project. The purpose of this project is to give victims of violence a platform that
fosters recovery and healing. She has a long, storied and "complicated" history
with the Metropolitan Police Department. Although that relationship has not
always been the best, it is continuing to grow. They, and we, still have much work
to do.

Mindy Daniels
Mindy is originally from New York and relocated to the DC area as a researcher
with Time Life Books. She obtained her law degree from the George Washington
University National Law Center and then turned her attention to LGBT issues,
fighting for equal rights and protections under the law for her community.
A member of the Gay and Lesbian Activists Alliance (GLAA), she served as an
officer for several years and in 1991 became the second woman to lead GLAA.
While President, Mindy was heavily engaged in the campaigns that created
domestic partnership legislation and the long awaited reform of the District’s
sodomy laws.
At the same time, a surge in violent homophobic incidents in the city and issues of
police policy, highlighted by a police raid on a gay club and a near riot during the
1992 High Heel Drag Race, created a need for dialogue and policy making with the
Metropolitan Police Department. For several years, Mindy served as a liaison
between the LGBT community and local prosecutors and law enforcement. To
help protect the large numbers of men being arrested and convicted for indecent
exposure or engaging in same-sex public displays of their attractions, Mindy

�convinced prosecutors to extend the lesser penalty of diversion and community
service to first-time offenders. She convinced judges to include sexual orientation
in judicial surveys regarding bias in the court system.
Mindy worked with Gays and Lesbians Opposing Violence (GLOV) to pressure
police and prosecutors to stop their foot dragging in implementing the city’s BiasRelated Crimes Act of 1989. To bring greater attention to the issues involving
violence against LGBT persons she initiated Walk Without Fear. On November
15th, 1991, Mindy rallied more than 600 people at Dupont Circle to remember
local victims of bias-related crimes and create a public outcry for police and
prosecutors to put teeth into the law by including the words “bias-related” in
charging documents. Walk Without Fear became an annual event through the
1990s. Mindy herself was the victim of a bias-related crime.
The tragic death of Tyra Hunter, a transgender woman who was denied treatment
by the city’s EMS department in 1995, and the blatant discrimination within the
Fire/EMS Department against diversity trainer Kenda Kirby based on Kirby’s
sexual orientation and personal appearance, drew Mindy’s involvement. Kirby was
hired in 2003 as part of a civil settlement in Hunter’s death but was harassed and
blatantly discriminated against during her one-year tenure, prompting a five- yearlong lawsuit against the Department that was handled by Mindy and ultimately
won.
She has been the recipient of several community service awards, including Capital
Pride Hero and was named a Pioneer by the Rainbow History Project in 2009.

Craig Howell
Craig Howell is a native Washingtonian who has lived virtually his entire life in the
Metro DC area. He attended St. Anselm's Abbey High School in Northeast
Washington and then graduated from Georgetown University in 1967 with a degree
in economics. He was drafted into the Army in 1969 and spent most of his twoyear stint successfully preventing Viet Cong attacks in West Germany, for which
service he was awarded the Army Commendation Medal. He worked for many
years at the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, specializing in the economic
interpretation of inflation data. In 1994, he accepted an offer for early retirement
from the federal civil service, after helping to secure a new anti-discrimination
policy from the Department of Labor that explicitly banned employment
discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation.

�Craig joined what was then known as the Gay Activists Alliance of Washington
(now the Gay &amp; Lesbian Activists Alliance or GLAA) in October 1973 and became
GLAA's Vice President under President Cade Ware a few months later. He came
out to one and all in September 1974 when he testified before the D.C. City
Council denouncing homophobic policies and practices by the Metropolitan Police
Department and was subsequently interviewed by several local television stations.
That same year he helped to spearhead GLAA's Elections Project, as GLAA rated
every candidate for Mayor and Council. The following year he and his GLAA
colleagues successfully lobbied the newly-elected Council to abolish the MPD's
homophobic Prostitution, Perversion &amp; Obscenity (PPO) Squad and secured
$50,000 city government funding for what was then called the Gay Men's VD
Clinic. Craig appeared before the Council in July 1975 in support of legislation
that would have recognized same-sex marriages in the District--which wound up as
a rare legislative defeat. Craig served as GLAA President from October 1975
through September 1976. In 1977 and 1978, Craig was active in the efforts first to
enact the Human Rights Act of 1977 and then to defend it against an aggressive
drive to repeal it via the initiative process. Ultimately this led to the enactment of
legislation in 1979 to prohibit initiative or referendum votes that would be
inconsistent with our Human Rights Act.
In 1978, Craig was personally asked by Mayor Barry to compile a roster of openly
gay men and lesbians willing and able to serve on the District's various boards &amp;
commissions that Mayor Barry could appoint. Craig was involved with legislation
establishing the Civilian Complaint Review Board (CCRB) in 1980. In the late
70s and early 80s, Craig concentrated much of his energy on the effort to persuade
the U.S. Holocaust Memorial Council to recognize the Nazi persecution of
homosexual men as an integral part of the Holocaust Memorial Museum, then in
its initial planning stages.
Craig led GLAA's efforts to secure bigger budgets to reduce the massive case
backlog at what is now known as the Office of Human Rights. Ultimately, this led
to the establishment of OHR as an independent agency in the 1990s and the taming
of its chronic backlog. After the CCRB was prematurely abolished by the Council
in the mid-90s, Craig and others in GLAA worked with other civil liberties groups
to create a new agency with strengthened powers, the Office of Police Complaints.
Craig also serves as President of the Chrysalis Arts &amp; Culture Group of
Washington and as Woods (i.e., Hiking) Coordinator for the Adventuring LGBTQ+
Outdoors Club. In 2007 the Rainbow History Project named him a Gay Pioneer.

�Brett Parson
Brett Parson has been serving the Metropolitan Police Department, in Washington
D.C, (MPDC) for nearly 25 years and involved in Law Enforcement for over 30
years. He is currently assigned to the Executive Office of the Chief of Police,
where he oversees the department's Special Liaison Branch. He returned to this
position in December 2017, after a short detail to the Metropolitan Police
Department's Academy. Until April 2016, he was assigned to MPDC's Patrol
Services Bureau, in the city’s Sixth District, where he supervised the evening shift.
Prior to returning to patrol in September of 2009, he was assigned to the Executive
Office of the Chief of Police, where he commanded the department's Special
Liaison Unit (SLU) and was an assistant to Chief Cathy Lanier. Under Parson's
command were the department's four core liaison units (LGBT, Latino, Asian, and
Deaf and Hard of Hearing).
Even after leaving the Gay and Lesbian Liaison Unit (GLLU), he continued to
speak publicly regarding GLBT issues, and trains law enforcement in ways to
better serve the GLBTQ+ communities. Community members, law enforcement
and the media have recognized him as a national leader in GLBTQ-Police
relations. Brett is nationally and internationally recognized as a resource for
investigations involving crimes by, and against the GLBTQ communities and he
has spoken and taught in several other countries on the subject of providing diverse
policing, hate/bias crime enforcement and investigations and intimate partner
violence. In recognition of this unique work, the GLLU was named the winner of
the 2006 Innovations in American Government Award, by Harvard University's
Kennedy School of Government – Ashe Institute.
Brett received his B.A. (Criminal Justice/Spanish) from the University of
Maryland at College Park (Go Terps!). From 1991-1993 he pursued his M.A. at the
same school, studying Criminal Justice and Counseling. He is a certified POST
instructor in DC and Maryland. A native Washingtonian and current resident,
Brett's parents still live in the area, allowing him to unwind with family and lifelong friends.

�Rayceen Pendarvis
Rayceen Pendarvis is an emcee, columnist, social media personality, community
advocate, former Advisory Neighborhood Commissioner, and lifelong
Washingtonian.
Rayceen is host of The Ask Rayceen Show (first Wednesdays, March through
November, at HRC), a series of mixers (“Rayceen, Fix Me Up!”), monthly Reel
Affirmations film screenings, and regularly hosts events in conjunction with The
DC Center for the LGBT Community, DC Public Library, and DC Office on
Aging. In addition to a column in SWERV magazine, Rayceen is a frequent
contributor to EFNIKS.com and the magazines The Unleashed Voice and Q
Virginia. Rayceen is also a co-host of The SWERV Show, which can be seen on
ListenVisionLive.com every Wednesday at 10pm.
Known as the Queen of the Shameless Plug, the High Priestess of Love, and the
Goddess of DC, Rayceen has received numerous honors for nearly forty years of
community service. Some of Rayceen’s most recent recognitions include being a
Capital Pride Hero in 2016, a finalist in the Excellence in the Humanities category
of the Mayor’s Arts Awards in 2017, and receiving three nominations (Best Local
Influencer, Best Clergy, Best Transgender Advocate) in the Washington Blade’s
Best of Gay DC Readers’ Choice Awards 2018. Earlier this year, Rayceen was
named one of the Washington Blade’s Most Eligible Singles.
For more information about Rayceen Pendarvis, Team Rayceen, and The Ask
Rayceen Show, please visit Rayceen.com, TeamRayceen.eventbrite.com, and
AskRayceen.com

�</text>
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&#13;
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&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight:400;"&gt;By the early 1980s, DiGioia began seeing some of DC’s first cases of HIV/AIDS. DiGioia was heavily involved in treating, studying, and spreading awareness about HIV/AIDS in both the gay community and medical community in Washington. For example, DiGioia wrote a regular medical column in the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight:400;"&gt;Blade &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight:400;"&gt;sharing updated information about the disease; served as chairman of the District’s AIDS Advisory Committee; gave regular talks to federal and medical groups about HIV/AIDS; was on the panel of DC’s first HIV/AIDS public forum at Lisner Auditorium in 1983 (both John Willig and Ray Engebretsen being his patients); and even took Mother Teresa on a tour around GWU Hospital to visit AIDS patients. DiGioia shares how being a gay doctor during the AIDS epidemic made him a better doctor in general, for he learned how to truly empathize with his patients, and offer them more holistic care.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight:400;"&gt;Towards the end of the interview, DiGioia raises concerns regarding the current situation of HIV/AIDS healthcare in 2007. He highlights the need for improved community education and empowerment in the gay community, as well as a major overhaul of the increasingly bureaucratized, unaffordable, and impersonal United States healthcare system making HIV/AIDS treatment inaccessible for so many Americans.  &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight:400;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;This is a conversation between Dr. Richard DiGioia and an interviewer, discussing Dr. DiGioia's involvement in the HIV/AIDS epidemic in Washington DC. Dr. DiGioia shares his experiences as a doctor at the Gay Men's VD clinic and later as a primary care physician treating HIV patients. He talks about the challenges faced by the gay community during the epidemic, including the lack of medical insurance and the need for education and awareness. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Dr. DiGioia also discusses the changing landscape of HIV/AIDS care, including advancements in medications and the importance of access to healthcare for all individuals. The conversation highlights the impact of HIV/AIDS on the gay community and the efforts made by healthcare professionals and activists to address the epidemic. It also emphasizes the ongoing need for education, access to healthcare, and support for individuals living with HIV/AIDS.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight:400;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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&#13;
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&#13;
In the 1980s, Chuck became involved in Black and White Men Together (BWMT) around the same time when the discrimination response system had been put in place. Chuck discusses the people who were working at BWMT that he got to work with, such as Chris Bates, Jim Mercer, and Bruce Pennington. He briefly touches upon the tension that existed between the local and national association of BWMT in terms of how politically radical they were. &#13;
&#13;
Chuck describes the major changes happening to the gay community at the beginnings of the AIDS Epidemic and the resources available in the Washington D.C. area, such as Whitman Walker Clinic. He goes on to discuss how the Whitman Walker Clinic was pushed to be more open to Black people, since it was primarily serving white men. Chuck was also heavily involved with AIDS related research, specifically the SHARE Project out of Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore MD which conducted essential AIDS epidemiological study with over a thousand participants. He discusses both his participation in the SHARE Project as well as his role on the Community Advisory Board reviewing and approving questionnaires.  &#13;
&#13;
Overall, Chuck discusses building his career in Washington D.C. and getting involved in the gay community, including being involved with and serving in leadership positions at several local organizations.    &#13;
&#13;
In part two, Chuck continues to discuss his work with local organizations, primarily focusing on SMYAL and Asians and Friends. He got involved with SMYAL through the founders Stefan Wade and Robert Hartman. SMYAL was formed to support sexual minority youth in response to criminalization and hospitalization of gender non-conforming youth. Chuck discusses the challenges with working with a youth advocacy organization, including concern over adults volunteering and homophobia. He discusses how from the beginning of SMYAL, leadership was cognizant of the need to have strict rules in place to protect the volunteers, the organization, and youth from abuse allegations. &#13;
&#13;
Chuck describes the demographics of the youth that SMYAL served and the various ways they tried to publicize SMYAL through school newspapers. He acknowledges that SMYAL, while successful in having a racially diverse youth audience, struggled with serving youth across social classes. Chuck emphasizes that the struggle of serving youth across social classes was not an issue limited to SMYAL, but an issue inherent in American society. &#13;
&#13;
In the 1990s, Chuck became involved with Asians and Friends. Unlike with other organizations, Chuck decided to only be involved with Asians and Friends as a member not as a leader within the organization. That was mainly due to the core function of Asians and Friends being social not political. When discussing Asians and Friends, Chuck draws connections between them and Black and White Men Together. Additionally, he describes a tension between interracial organizations and all Black or all Asian organizations. While some organizations wanted to work with all Black or all Asian organizations, there was also tension and some organizations did not want to work with them.&#13;
&#13;
In addition to discussing the organizations Chuck was involved with, he also describes an annual Halloween party he held for several years starting in the 1980s. He discusses doing drag for the first time, at the urging of his friend Phillip Wright, and costumes people would wear to his parties. While discussing drag and dressing up, he notes that it is a liberating experience and that his parties created spaces where people could express themselves.&#13;
&#13;
In part three, Chuck discusses his friendship with Simon Nkoli, an anti-apartheid and gay rights activist in South Africa. Chuck became friends with Simon through a tour he did with the National Association of Black and White Men Together. In the 1990s Chuck traveled to South Africa for the first time, where he was able to reconnect with Simon and attend the first AIDS awareness event in South Africa. Chuck discusses Simon’s activism in South Africa and when he came to the US. Throughout the years, Chuck and Simon maintained their friendship and visited each other in South Africa and the US. Chuck describes how Simon was always interested in coming to SMYAL when visiting DC and talking with youth. Finally, Chuck discusses his passion for working with local organizations because of the importance of community. &#13;
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One of our team will share the file from our Google Drive, and you can listen from home.  Please be sure to have "Music Player for Google Drive" enabled on your machine to play the recording.  www.driveplayer.com&#13;
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                <text>1985-00s</text>
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                <text>As an active member in the Jewish Gay and Lesbian community, Barret Brick made strides to establish and active and useful community in Washington D.C. Through the Washington Jewish Community Center, Brick helped establish many programs that became accessible for the Jewish Gay and Lesbian community, especially through recuiting Rabbis and other congregation leaders. Brick discusses the specifics of navigating the Washington Jewish community, whether through religion or politics, and his specific contributions to the greater Washington LGBTQ environment.  </text>
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                <text>&lt;strong&gt;Want access to this audio?&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;br /&gt;Please email &lt;a href="mailto:oralhistories@rainbowhistory.org"&gt;oralhistories@rainbowhistory.org&lt;/a&gt; to request access</text>
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