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                  <text>Gay Women's Alternative, GWA-DC (Series III)</text>
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                  <text>Documents relating to the Gay Women's Alternative of DC from 1980 to 1993. includes committee reports, ephemera, newspaper clippings and program announcements. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;From 1981 to 1993, the Gay Women's Alternative of D.C. served as an essential educational and social focus for the metropolitan area's lesbian community. The organization dedicated itself to presenting an alternative to the closet and to the bars for the area's women, by providing lectures, social events, and discussions, often at the Washington Ethical Society. GWCDC became known for its dances for women, particularly its signature Spring Cotillion, and for its involvement with other women's events in the area including the summer Sisterfire musical extravaganzas and the Passages conferences. In 1985, GWA-DC presented its first conference. The initial organizers included Ina Alterman, Trish Bangert, Bonnie Becker, Susan Geiger, Maryl Kerley, Ann Meltzer, Lil Russo, and Joyce Sideman. By 1993, facing competition from a growing array of competing lesbian organizations, the demands of running a major social organization, and the group's inability to meet speakers' and performers' growing requests for payment (GWA had from the outset determined not to pay such fees), the board of Gay Women's Alternative decided to close down the organization following its final Spring Cotillion in May 1993.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="https://docs.google.com/document/d/e/2PACX-1vRrHRW9S4p4M2LbE8Ot_uy0s29zU0-WxmmuAc1mdFyw-B29zuwkrTGp2ajcMR5VfDL8j97idIwbmXZ_/pub" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;VIEW ONLINE FINDING AID&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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                  <text>&lt;span&gt;Available to all people, by appointment, at the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://dchistory.org/library/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"&gt;DC History Center&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span&gt;. Collection is available for “fair use.” Material may be protected by copyright.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="https://docs.google.com/document/d/e/2PACX-1vRrHRW9S4p4M2LbE8Ot_uy0s29zU0-WxmmuAc1mdFyw-B29zuwkrTGp2ajcMR5VfDL8j97idIwbmXZ_/pub" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;VIEW ONLINE FINDING AID&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;</text>
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              <text>A&#13;
Celebration of Life for&#13;
Deon Davis "Ukea" and Wilbur Thomas "Stephanie"&#13;
Date: Monday, August 19, 2002&#13;
Location: Holy Christian Missionary Church&#13;
For All People&#13;
5110 Naney Hellenbourough Avenue, N.WL*L&gt;&#13;
Time: 10am -12noon Wake&#13;
Service: 12noon m '"*&#13;
For Further Information: Call Earline Budd&#13;
(202) 546-4042</text>
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              <text>printed flyer</text>
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                <text>A Celebration of Life for Deon Davis "Ukea" and Wilbur Thomas "Stephanie"</text>
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                <text>Transgender people--Violence against--Washington (D.C.)</text>
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                  <text>Jack Nichols Photographs and Papers : Digital Collection, 1955-2005</text>
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                  <text>The Jack Nichols Digital Collection includes photographs and documents created by, about, or collected by Jack Nichols.  The collection includes an unedited draft of his memoirs, which were never completed.

Jack Nichols is a native of Chevy Chase, MD. Until he moved to New York City with his partner Lige Clarke in the late 1960s, Nichols was extensively involved in gay activism and gay life in Washington, DC. He was a founding member of the Mattachine Society of Washington (MSW), participated in MSW’s picketing at the White House, the Pentagon, Civil Service, and at Independence Hall in Philadelphia. Nichols was an active participant in annual meetings of the East Coast Homophile Organizations (ECHO) and spoke from the podium on several occasions.
In New York City, Nichols and Clarke founded, wrote for, and edited the early national newspaper Gay. Today he edits and writes for the online newspaper Gay Today (www.gaytoday.com) which is published by the Badpuppy website.

He has generously contributed a wonderful album of photographs of his life in DC and elsewhere from which the following photographs are drawn. The Rainbow History Project (RHP) greatly appreciates Jack Nichols’ generosity in sharing these photographs and more with RHP.

The photographs displayed here are the property and copyright of either Jack Nichols or the credited creators of the photos. They may not be used without permission.</text>
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                  <text>Nichols, Jack</text>
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              <text>February 22nd&#13;
1975&#13;
Today is Edge's thirty-third birthday. ¥ou may not have&#13;
seen him today as closely as I have, and since there are rumors, I'll&#13;
tell you what I know about what he's been up to and' how he's&#13;
been.&#13;
Some think that Lige was mowed down on a dark Mexican road&#13;
near Veracruz; that crazed bandits emptied an automatic round&#13;
into his ^oody as he travelled the open road. Weil, that's true.&#13;
That happened.&#13;
Lige left hare {"here" being an oceanfront condominium we'd&#13;
shared since early November) on February 7th in Charlie's car-With&#13;
both Juan and Charlie. Juan had just returned from a two-year&#13;
stint in South America and was trying to orient himself to the&#13;
U.S. with a visit with Lige and me before he headed north. Charlie&#13;
lived on the same floor of our condominium complex. We'd known&#13;
him jointly since January, and he'd just finished working a&#13;
taxing job end was anxious to travel, it-seemed, and to learn. He&#13;
knew that Lige had a fierce urge to travel. He had a car, he&#13;
offered his friendship to both of us, and Lige jumped at the chance&#13;
to take a jaunt to Mexico. Charles did not die in the hail of&#13;
bullets. He was injured, both in feeling and bodily, but hot&#13;
permanently I hope/&#13;
Lige didn't have much cash, but he was always eager to see new&#13;
places, cash or no. He took only a few clothes, the materials&#13;
for the book he'd been working on here, and an extra type^A'riter.&#13;
He'd, always wanted to see the east coast of Mexico and he must&#13;
have driven very fast to get from Cocoa Beach, Florida to the&#13;
Verajjruz region in so short a time. Juan decided not to accompany&#13;
Liee and Charlie to Mexico and boarded a plane for Washington, D.C.&#13;
in Houston, evidently feeling more oriented after a rapid transit&#13;
ride ana" ready to face his adopted country once more.&#13;
My last months with Lige had been "V.'hare Peaceful Waters Flow"&#13;
as Gladys Knight might have sung it. (The most recent record album&#13;
Lige listened to intently was Imagination by Gladys Knight and&#13;
the ?ips.-) - - oh - - - he was also humming and singing Honeybee&#13;
and Reach Out recorded by Gloria Gaynor. ) He decided suddenly,&#13;
as he often decided things, to take the Mexican trip. But he was&#13;
^aiming to expand and so I was happy for him. "I'll' go down the&#13;
coast of Mexico and'find us an inexpensive place to live during&#13;
the economic, collapse," he joked,"! may be back in a week. Will&#13;
*you send me' busfare if I get stranded?15 "Sure," I smiled back.&#13;
Our last moments^were perfect moments. Happy. Undemanding.&#13;
Concerned only fojr each other's well being. He'd done quite a&#13;
bit of nursing. I had the flu in December. His aunt Monte had&#13;
gone into a Miami hospital at the end of January. But while he&#13;
was here in Cocoa Beach, he'd run on the beach, work on his book,&#13;
swim, cook, and catch those rays — sweet mother sun. He'd&#13;
stopped smoking for the second extended time. I was working on a&#13;
book too. We fed each other ideas. He told me about his travels.&#13;
Since Lige had always dreamed of world travel, he worked his way&#13;
around the globe Mftvilfi'&amp;fj bQ countries in Asia, Africa, Europe,&#13;
and South/North America aboard a Norweigan cceanliner. He'd&#13;
brought home little gifts or sent cards and letters to his loved&#13;
ones everywhere. "The seas of the world," he said, "are like&#13;
many colored jewels: turquoises, emeralds." During the time he&#13;
travelled (January to August, 19?^) I was ir. Cocoa Beach writing&#13;
my first major philpsoohical work which I had dedicated to Llge add&#13;
which he had read carefully and. helped proof and collate upon&#13;
his return. It xvill be published in May and is full of lessons I&#13;
learned from Lige which is what the dedication says, in effect..&#13;
The book is called "MSN'S LIBERATION: A New Definition of&#13;
Masculinity." Its 31c uages will tell you what many of our conversations&#13;
were about in recent years.&#13;
Llge has been a very wise man. lie has been a guide whose own&#13;
cuo was overflowing, a man who save to others. To each man or woman&#13;
who loved him I am sure he is say ins: today, his birthday, what&#13;
Walt Whitman (whose eyes were similar to Lite's) did:&#13;
Whoever you are, now I place my hand unon you, that&#13;
you be my poem.&#13;
I whisper with my lips close to your ear,&#13;
I have loved many women and men, but I love none better&#13;
than you.&#13;
Many strange things happened before Lige left, but I will tell&#13;
you just two. We had two large towels between us, both of which Lige&#13;
had bought on his world trio. One was a plain brown. The other&#13;
was a towel of many colors, which I am sure that he left not only&#13;
for me, but for each of those whom he loved. The word "Love" was&#13;
v.rinted all over the towel and he said, "Here, take this. I'm&#13;
taking the brown one." It was his way of saying, "You may have&#13;
the oretty one." Lis-e left here that Friday afternoon his face&#13;
wreathed in smiles. He seemed almost ecstatic. The Open Road was&#13;
before him, and there was not « troubled line in his face, \-ihen&#13;
he left there were no regrets, no serious concerns. We would see&#13;
eech other soon and he knew, as he always seemed, to know&#13;
InCtlvely somehow, that there is a fit balance in the universe&#13;
;.:;'.; defies apoearances.&#13;
One of r.ipre's recent gifts to me (here in Cocoa Beach) was the&#13;
soundtrack of :Jinnochio (from the film.) Often, when we've been&#13;
out at ni.crht, Li^e (since we met) always first stooped and scanned&#13;
the heavens looking: for the earliest star, and he would close his&#13;
eyes to make a wish. "What are ycuV* wishing?" I'd ask. "I can't&#13;
you," he.'d smile, "because if I did, the wish might nob come&#13;
true." finnochio's theme scner is "When You Wish Upon a Star." Do&#13;
• know the words to that son:-r? If not, listen bo them carefully.&#13;
They will tell you (in part) what Li-re believes and how he lives&#13;
his life even now, I should think. I have never seen him&#13;
hesitate to make his dreams come true (never, certainly because of&#13;
financial considerations or because of security.) He taught me&#13;
that I must trust my first instincts more fully and yet neither of&#13;
us, certainly, always took the jrood advice we dispensed on&#13;
avery occasion. But we tried. Lise tried. Kis heart was in his&#13;
dreams, as the Pinnochio theme suggests. I am sure that Lise save&#13;
nothing to me that he did not "give carefully to others." "When&#13;
You Wish Upon a Star" is a preser." for you too, I am sure.&#13;
3-&#13;
February 23rd&#13;
1975&#13;
I promised yesterday to mention only two of the strange things&#13;
that have happened recently. But today something else hapoened..&#13;
Ten years ago, when Lite's mother died in the hills of Kentucky,&#13;
I took him to see "The Sound of Music" the night the word had come.&#13;
He liked the film, he said, because the principal character treated&#13;
children much as his^o^her had treated him and her other children.&#13;
Lige's extraordinary. Snelbianna, had. seen the film and thought&#13;
likewise.&#13;
Today, a week after another funeral took place in the hills of&#13;
Kentucky, two wonderful friends who have kept me close company,&#13;
fortunately, during the past two weeks) took me to a film. (I speak&#13;
of films because Lige was fascinated by films as an art form.) One&#13;
of my comrades suggested that we go and the other paid for the&#13;
three of us. The film was an adaptation of a book by Antoine&#13;
de Saint-Exupery: The Little Prince. Look for yourself in the film,&#13;
if you are fortunate enough to see it. You will wonder about&#13;
"The Little Prince". Who was he? You will see yourself in the film&#13;
and those near you. I am sure that if Lige were to see the film&#13;
or read the book with you himself he would, say, "You__are the&#13;
Little Prince." One becomes what one absorbs. Lige was absorbing&#13;
constantly. Ons that fateful night in Mexico he was carying, as&#13;
he usually d.id^ three books: Leaves of Grass, The Prophet, and The&#13;
Voice of the Silence. He loved, each of these books simply because&#13;
they expressed a nature akin to his own, a nature which is like&#13;
yours. That is a secret which he knew about you, even if icsxai you&#13;
did not knew it. But I am sure that if Lige showed in some way that&#13;
be cared, for you, that he didn't keen it a secret either.&#13;
Hare, before I tell you about the real life experience I enjoyed.&#13;
at a funeral in Kentucky last week, let me quote some words from&#13;
"The Little Prince." (You know how I am about quoting good things&#13;
don't you?): It could be Lige speaking to his loved, ones:&#13;
"And when your sorrow is comforted (time soothes all sorrows) you&#13;
will be content that you have known me. You will always be my&#13;
friend. You will want to laugh with me. And you will sometimes&#13;
ooen your window, so, for that pleasure."&#13;
Now, about this funeral in the hills of Kentucky.- It was the&#13;
supreme expereicne of my life thus far. It was hard, yes, but&#13;
all of us scot done what needed to be done, and it didn't seem very&#13;
hard. Lige's hometown is a magic spot (isn't everyplace?) with a&#13;
copulation under 1,000. Old friends were able to attend from several&#13;
far away cities (Lige's hometown is isolated in those southeastern&#13;
Kentucky hills). The reason that the spot seemed magical to us&#13;
was that its inhabitants sholred us that those who reach out and love&#13;
are loved in return. Lige's funeral was the most profound exchange&#13;
in ecstatic communication that I have ever experienced, far surpassing,&#13;
even, our "Rocky Mountain High" when we spoke together at the 26th&#13;
Annual Conference 0$ World Affairs (University of Colorado, Boulder,&#13;
1973) and met young peoole who enchanted us with the good we sav; in&#13;
them. But the beautiful oeople of that mountainous Kentucky region&#13;
taught your stand-ins at Lige's funeral about the&#13;
k\&#13;
natural goodness of men, particularly if they are left alone to grow by&#13;
themselves.&#13;
Prudy, a beautiful country woman, one of the most beautiful 1 have&#13;
ever seen, told of how Lige had given her a copy of The Prophet. But first":&#13;
she sang about "an uncldudy day'1 and I am certain you can remember at&#13;
least one day when Lige touched you on such a day, can't you?&#13;
i&#13;
a Pm&amp;j was preceded by two parsons, both of whom were very brief. She !&#13;
^Jsaid only a very few words, but they captured an essence. She said:&#13;
o A"I remember Lige as my Third Son. He was the friend who shared in i&#13;
£ X3° the many "little boy" adventures of my son, Jimmy, and later in the&#13;
V6 teen age escapades of drag-racing, girl chasing, and just plain j&#13;
3 ^v* having fun. I&#13;
^ r c-j Lige was the extra family member for the holiday meals. It was not I&#13;
~&gt;&gt; comolete without his impish grin and his small love offering for me —.&#13;
-~N^r which could be anything from a duck to cook to a bag of candy from I&#13;
i ; V tiis daddy's store. (&#13;
^J He was truly a dreamer; artistic, sensitive, curious, and a chaser *&#13;
^ N S after rainbows. He was always searching for what lay just over the&#13;
"T/K horizon. He was ever in search of new adventures and new places.&#13;
?y •~": Lige1 s faith in a Supreme Being was very firm. We have discussed this !&#13;
i many times. His gqjd was a loving God ~- one who met his children&#13;
0 with a smile, not an angry, fearful God.&#13;
As a small boy Lige put his Bible in the corner stone of this very&#13;
H church. If he were here, I feel he would say, "No sad faces; I am&#13;
not dead. I have jast started on the most wonderful adventure of them&#13;
ail. SXraile - for 1 am just away."&#13;
i&#13;
-&gt; .&#13;
^ At the graveside i found myself translating the scripture into my own&#13;
jidiom, and I'll pass on to you what 1 thought; "Be not afraid.. In&#13;
jmy father's house are many mansions. I go to prepare a place for you."&#13;
2It was raining as the mountain folk climbed with us to the hilltop graveside&#13;
&lt;Lige would have worried that some of them, not quite strong enough, were&#13;
bothering to make the climb. But they did climb. They seemed determined.&#13;
"Someone at the graveside asked me if I wanted a rose. A thoughtful&#13;
&gt;gesture. But no. Not this time.&#13;
Now, I thought, the "Whispers of Heavenly Death" have never sounded so&#13;
loud before, and yet neither had life with its precious, fragile beauty&#13;
^caused such new amazement. I hear new whisperings, and while Lige's&#13;
ispirit was unique it tells me that he is also everywhere where there are&#13;
'sentient creatures who are willing to climb, where there is good counsel,&#13;
lifting: us to new heights. Can you hear his oft-expressed thoughts? I&#13;
can. He's saying%"Breathe deeply, ten times perhaps, and then be&#13;
continually conscious of your breaths. If you're hyper, breath-consciousnes&#13;
will help you set a new pace." Next he'd say, "Don't waste useless time&#13;
in fruitless speculation. There are unanswerable questions. I raise them&#13;
myself. But do what you can do now to make the best of a situation. "There&#13;
Is nothing that haopens but that it can be turned to beautiful results."&#13;
Those of us who loved Lige while he occupied his bod.y know that1 we can&#13;
still love him in everyone we meet, no matter the face, the age, the sex,&#13;
•or the station in life. "I will have no one slighted or kept away," he might&#13;
|have said. We know he couldn't have been stooped by a mere spray of&#13;
bullets fired automatically by poor unfortunates on a dark Mexican road. The&#13;
"latest word Is that the unfortunates have been apprehended and that Charlie&#13;
is returning wounded to ^.^.»3335SH£^1sS5S# North Carolina to recuperate. ^ f Bj&#13;
*&amp;86t Lige was reading the writings of Peter Kropotkin (18^2-1921) and was&#13;
expressing strong disapproval of the treatment of prisoners. I am making&#13;
no judgements myself. Others, who feel cheated, may. *•*•!•••••••••*</text>
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                  <text>The Friends Radio tape collection at Rainbow History covers nine years (1973 to 1982) of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and queer activism and community building in Washington, DC and around the nation. The Friends collection includes poetry, music, interviews, candidate interviews, social and political commentary and analysis and accounts of the creation of community services and organizations. Rainbow History received a collection of more than 300 1/4inch acetate tape reels of varying diameters from Bruce Pennington, a founder of the Stonewall Nation Media Collective, which produced and broadcast the show at WGTB and WPFW.</text>
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                  <text>&lt;span&gt;Some clips play online. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;To listen to other recordings, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=creator%3A%22Rainbow+History+Project%22" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"&gt;access the Internet Archive [external link].&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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                  <text>The collection includes many drafts of articles he had written on the issues confronting the LGBT community of the time. They are rough drafts, with typographical errors, handwritten notes and corrections, and numerous rewrites. They are also an important source for the events and issues of the period. His files also contain primary documents, leaflets, and notes of interviews connected with the articles he wrote. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Aiken, a local gay activist, member at one time of the Gay Liberation Front and a resident of GLF House (1620 St St. NW), Washington correspondent for The Advocate, was also a member of the Stonewall Nation Media Collective which broadcast the Friends radio show on WGBT and WPFW radio for nine years. His broadcasts on Friends seem to have complemented many of the stories on which he worked. In the mid-Seventies, he chaired the Washington Area Gay Community Council. He also served as a founder of Black and White Men Together's DC chapter and edited its newsletter. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The Aiken Articles &lt;br /&gt;David Aiken's drafts of articles he submitted to the Advocate and other publications in the 1970s document many of the local and national issues confronting the LGBTQ community of the period. As such, they are an important resource of people, events, and issues for students and researchers. The collection contains Aiken's handwritten interview notes as well. The draft articles are listed below by topic.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="https://docs.google.com/document/d/e/2PACX-1vR7ZGpQXij9EKhAxYVXnkL-5pIo-T66TtXIxK1Zm_fNsBg4nhoimqkQupb3X0CFM1-Frn-mwtBLMuO4/pub" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;VIEW ONLINE FINDING AID&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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                  <text>Some items are online. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span&gt;Open to all people, by appointment, at the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.dchistory.org/research/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"&gt;DC History Center.&lt;/a&gt; &lt;span&gt;Collection is available for “fair use.” Material may be protected by copyright.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://dchistory.org/uploads/fa/ms0764.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"&gt;VIEW ONLINE FINDING AID&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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                <text>In the mid-70s, Joe Acanfora, a science teacher in the Montgomery County, MD public schools was fired after he was revealed to be gay.  In this article, Aiken summarized the case to date with comments on the US Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals decisions.</text>
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                  <text>The Friends Radio tape collection at Rainbow History covers nine years (1973 to 1982) of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and queer activism and community building in Washington, DC and around the nation. The Friends collection includes poetry, music, interviews, candidate interviews, social and political commentary and analysis and accounts of the creation of community services and organizations. Rainbow History received a collection of more than 300 1/4inch acetate tape reels of varying diameters from Bruce Pennington, a founder of the Stonewall Nation Media Collective, which produced and broadcast the show at WGTB and WPFW.</text>
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                  <text>&lt;span&gt;Some clips play online. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;To listen to other recordings, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=creator%3A%22Rainbow+History+Project%22" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"&gt;access the Internet Archive [external link].&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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                  <text>The collection includes many drafts of articles he had written on the issues confronting the LGBT community of the time. They are rough drafts, with typographical errors, handwritten notes and corrections, and numerous rewrites. They are also an important source for the events and issues of the period. His files also contain primary documents, leaflets, and notes of interviews connected with the articles he wrote. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Aiken, a local gay activist, member at one time of the Gay Liberation Front and a resident of GLF House (1620 St St. NW), Washington correspondent for The Advocate, was also a member of the Stonewall Nation Media Collective which broadcast the Friends radio show on WGBT and WPFW radio for nine years. His broadcasts on Friends seem to have complemented many of the stories on which he worked. In the mid-Seventies, he chaired the Washington Area Gay Community Council. He also served as a founder of Black and White Men Together's DC chapter and edited its newsletter. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The Aiken Articles &lt;br /&gt;David Aiken's drafts of articles he submitted to the Advocate and other publications in the 1970s document many of the local and national issues confronting the LGBTQ community of the period. As such, they are an important resource of people, events, and issues for students and researchers. The collection contains Aiken's handwritten interview notes as well. The draft articles are listed below by topic.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="https://docs.google.com/document/d/e/2PACX-1vR7ZGpQXij9EKhAxYVXnkL-5pIo-T66TtXIxK1Zm_fNsBg4nhoimqkQupb3X0CFM1-Frn-mwtBLMuO4/pub" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;VIEW ONLINE FINDING AID&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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                  <text>Some items are online. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span&gt;Open to all people, by appointment, at the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.dchistory.org/research/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"&gt;DC History Center.&lt;/a&gt; &lt;span&gt;Collection is available for “fair use.” Material may be protected by copyright.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://dchistory.org/uploads/fa/ms0764.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"&gt;VIEW ONLINE FINDING AID&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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                <text>In the mid-70s, Joe Acanfora, a science teacher in the Montgomery County, MD public schools was fired after he was revealed to be gay.  In this article, Aiken discussed the support of the National Education Association for Acanfora's legal struggle.</text>
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              <text>discrim&#13;
aiken&#13;
2/22/77&#13;
&#13;
One night In November 1974, Jeff Blake was tending bar at the Grand Central, then one of the biggest gay disco bars in Washington, DC. A black customer came up to the bar and asked for a glass or water.&#13;
&#13;
Evan though bar tenders had been told to charge for water, none ever did, and the management "rarely showed any concern," according to Blake.&#13;
&#13;
Blake said, "but on this occasion, the manager of the bar "came over to me at the bar and said, 'When a customer like that comes to the bar and asks for water, charge him a dollar.'" I responded, 'A customer like what?' He answered, pointing to some black patrons, 'Any of those niggers.'"&#13;
That same month, Patricia Price, a 26 white woman who was then 28 years old, entered the Grand Central with a friend, a black woman aged 36.&#13;
&#13;
According to Patrice, the doorman waved through batches of white men without asking for any type of identification card. But when Patrice and her friend reached the doorman, he demanded to see ID, then refused to accept drivers licenses and employment ID cards, with photos, from either woman. The women were turned away.&#13;
&#13;
A few months earlier, Charles Hall had gone to the same bar in the company of black friends. They were required to pay $3 each as a minimum to gain entrance, -"While standing near the entrance, however, they saw white men enter without being asked either for ID or for $3. Only&#13;
blacks, or wihite persons accompanied by black persons, had to do so.&#13;
&#13;
add one discrim&#13;
These three nay people ware witnesses — and In same cases victims —&#13;
of a probleuB that has confronted tiia gay community in marc places than&#13;
just one bar in one city. Despite xsmt progress in recent years toward&#13;
equality for black people and for women, and doapite recognition by many&#13;
gay people that they are not likay to achieve full equality until blolcs&#13;
and women do, discrimination continuoe to exist within the cay comri'nity •&#13;
A number of institutions that are important to gay sociial l i f e , euch&#13;
as tine bar3, are ^.dde open to white mon but place scats type °* hurdle&#13;
in the path of MacriexiecHEXK white women and black peopleof both genders.&#13;
m&#13;
he hurdles may be high and difficult, or low and merely minor annoyances5&#13;
they may be blatant, or , in most cases, subtle* But-auric$mrri I mtxaodaii&#13;
&amp;djtjqMiBM3BffdP*3gnrt^n;Maaa&#13;
in several places&#13;
Such barriers do not exist everywhere, of course, ^hit/where they&#13;
have&#13;
/ jbs become evident, gay peoplehave attempted to eliminate them.&#13;
In the case of the disco in 'Washington, gay people used the same&#13;
mechanism to fight a cay bar's dadscrimination axgainst blacks and women&#13;
as they £ have used to coribat discrimination by atraight establishments&#13;
against gays. xhirty-one gay people filed conpliaints against the&#13;
Grant Central with tha D.C. Office of Human ^ights, which ±K has tie Job of&#13;
enforcing Title 3k, t h e B±k Distria of Columbia's anti-discrimination lair.&#13;
Most of the complaints had to do with apparent efforts by the bar&#13;
Management t o r e s t r i c t the number of blacks and women in the place.&#13;
There were repeated complaints fc^fr'irti1^""^1"—Pi about discriminatory&#13;
practieo in asking f o r ID at the door. One jrriw woman said she was t old&#13;
to enter through a door normally used as an exit. One person complain.d&#13;
he was shoved by the door an when ho complained about discrimination. Others&#13;
said they were threateBfricd wife physical assault.&#13;
mora&#13;
add two dscrim&#13;
^he bar s management refused to manjiraata come to any agreement&#13;
through the S. administrative conciliation procedures open to then, so&#13;
the ca.30 Trent to a hearing l a s t August before the D.C. Human lights&#13;
Commission. On January 31 °£ this ysanpcfckxxBsaodbaiM — about tufco and&#13;
a half years after the f i r s t complaints were filed — the connisaicn&#13;
ordered the bar's owners to pay a t o t a l of C6,li5o to the eight people&#13;
who testified at the commission hearing. Varying amounts wore awarded&#13;
in three categories: compensation for denial of access to a p-ubiic&#13;
accommodationj compensation for "embarrassment and humiliation," and&#13;
attorney1 a fees for those who had hired a lawyer torepresont them before&#13;
the commission.&#13;
I t r,iay be awhile before the eight people collect any money! the&#13;
and apparently- dissolved*&#13;
corporation tiiat owned the '"'rand ucntral has Bold i t s intgrost in i t/&#13;
ifore legal proceedings are in prospect. But many of the persons who&#13;
filed aonplaints think the effort wis worth i t.&#13;
Patricia Price, for example, h points out that the evidence XSB£&#13;
collected by the Human lights Office was used by the J3«C. Alcoholic&#13;
leverage Conjftrol (ABC) C aeries ion in suspending tie ^rand Central's&#13;
liquor license for 50 days last year. That action, followed by reported,&#13;
problems with tax a u t h o r i t i e s , apparently led to the bar's demise.&#13;
Gay attorney Joseph V. Stewart added: "This puts other bars on&#13;
notice about what could happen to then. :'osides costing money out of their&#13;
have investigators from&#13;
pockets, they c0uld/kgxjgwgrfciftim&lt;a3m-.the Human lights Office and the&#13;
APC board checking up on them. They could end up getting closed."&#13;
add three discria&#13;
In fact, other gay bars in Washington that in the past wore&#13;
alloged&#13;
targets of complaints abouVdlscrijMination are no longer complained about.&#13;
^he Lost &amp; Found, now the c i t y ' s largest disco bar, was net by pixakrti&#13;
froB the old Gay Liberation *ront when i f f i r s t opened in 1971 because&#13;
of complaints that i t used the same kinds of discriminatory ID cheks&#13;
that thd-^rand Central xsxsx l a t e r used. Frank Xanony, a x. -ay isember&#13;
official&#13;
of the D.C. Hcman "ights Gonru.ssin, said he had heard of no/complaints&#13;
against the Lost &amp; Found for sona tine. Earlier complaints were reportcdly&#13;
resolved through 1he conciliatinn process.&#13;
While complaints are being resolved in Washington, new ones are&#13;
arising in other c i t i e s.&#13;
e&#13;
In Fhiladxlphla, for example, t :e c i t y ' s Human x£ights Commission&#13;
has been investigating complain 9 that the Club Barracks, a gay male&#13;
bath, has started to require blacks to f i l l out applications,&#13;
thdn telling then i t would take a m nth to process the application. Coamissicn&#13;
nanber La;ry Groth has been quoted as saying 3gTprTBrateacxMdpdimxB±iaflAalMx&#13;
apparently instituted tho polxicy after sore patoons tirtat complained that&#13;
the clientele \&amp;a becoming "too dark."&#13;
z&#13;
Looks can make a difference, however. "PrcKbably exceptionally&#13;
good lookking black men are s t i l l given mmbcr3hip," Groth told the&#13;
PhilaAddelphia Gay Hews. The club'a Manager denied any discrimination,&#13;
but said membership policies have been tightened after several p-tty thefts.&#13;
Last December, .embers of the Tale University student organisation,&#13;
BaYj staged a picket at a New Haven gay bar, Lew Oubliettes. They charged&#13;
that i t s nanagenent had been discriminating against blacks and women.&#13;
The bar's Manager denied ttie caharges.&#13;
1 .ore&#13;
add four diserirai&#13;
v&#13;
Other c i t i e s haje had their siiare of problems in the pajt.&#13;
Tbt I l l i n o i s Liqitor Control ^omission handled a conpLaint two years ago&#13;
about a Chicago women's bar named CK»s. A patron charged that the&#13;
nanagenent was requiring extra ID cards from black and Latin wooen.&#13;
The complaint was reaolvied when the bar agreed to post i t s ID&#13;
requirements at the entrance and enforce them uniformly.&#13;
Similarly, state liquor authorities in 1975 investigated Le Bistro,&#13;
one of Chicago's more popular gay nen's danco bars, on charges of racial&#13;
discrimination. That was resolved by Jgc an agreement that toe barw&gt;uld&#13;
not discriminate in the ftoc future, though i t did not admit that i t had&#13;
in the past. A subsequent attempt by the city government to revoke&#13;
i&#13;
the place s license on the groaid of discrimination as well as "public&#13;
indec^&amp;mcy" vas ^successful when a judge fc nd inadequate grounds.&#13;
A relatively short-lxived bar in Atlanta WmxjSiaanttaadb&amp;mAmBm&#13;
that was the subject of nurdaerous complaints of discrimination lost&#13;
i t s license on other grounds and closed down. According to ^ i l l Snith,&#13;
editor of Atlanta's gay paper, ^he Barb, and a member of the ci'ty's&#13;
CoBBnunity Relations Conmittee, a group of Te^ans »MMI *»#/*• bought a bar&#13;
and •BDEfek used the license of the previous owners to run a gay place&#13;
called the Bayou Landing, ^he management put s t i f f ID checkes in -foe way&#13;
of blacks, and .jwyawriopcxmBxaK told patrons they couldn't wear hats inside&#13;
a rule clearly aimed at bLac3&lt;s, Smith noted, ^he state liquor comr.iission&#13;
refused to grant the owners a new License when the old one ran out,&#13;
on the ground that the owners were not Georgia residents.&#13;
norc&#13;
add five discrim&#13;
impose a cover&#13;
And in Balt±raci\., asa a large disco bar used to/charEG ±1 i'ftnrwrfc&#13;
£—n»*.^ ,«• lOTiim^ niu »g- that -uas a different amount f o r different&#13;
people, according to Silas '"hiite, a black man who I s secretary at&#13;
the Baltimore Gay AUiance. Blacks and women were lypixially charged&#13;
$6, while white men generally paid only $1, Ifoite s aid. After several&#13;
customers threatened t o f i l e corqplainte with the state liquor board,&#13;
the bar started to charge everyone the lotrer r a t e , ^hite noted*&#13;
Some bars in Boston have at times used high, c over charges,&#13;
with the effect «f discouraging lower incor» persons, noted Ken DudlsQT,&#13;
a black gay man from that city, fie said he and other black people have&#13;
in tho pa3t had trouble getting into one of the large disco bars,&#13;
although the f»»M"".«—f«^ii )jn»ii«yrf^* "bar has changed i t s carding&#13;
jx&gt;licy s nee several people discussed their prcbleBBSm with iilaine lioble,&#13;
the gay state representative from Boston.&#13;
In Tuany c i t i e s , discri inatory policies at bars are the exception&#13;
and not the r u l e . S Atlanta's Bill Smith reports^itodcerTwgcxgJODdaBac&#13;
dbcimesxiacs Tou couldn't walk into a gay bar in Atlamta that didn't&#13;
have sona percentage of blades, ranging from ahoot 10 to maybe lj.0 percent-"&#13;
Even where discriminatory policies do exist, they're not alwjjra"&#13;
in evidence. Former Grand Gentral bartender Jeff Blake told the B.C.&#13;
Hustan Sights Connission that the bar s managers made l i t t l e attempt to&#13;
screen out blacks en weetoiighta when business -.-as relatively slo:*, but&#13;
Btapped up the carding on busy -ireekends. Often, he eaid, tho ddoorman&#13;
would l e t a certain number of blacks in without iiafcident, then begin to&#13;
discourage more blacks fxrom entering to keep the clientele from getting&#13;
"too black."&#13;
r e&#13;
add s ix discriim&#13;
Of course, bar managers do not alwscrn hiv.. to engage in -any&#13;
cnrert forms of discrimination to attract certain types of customers&#13;
and discourage others. Soaeti ee i t ' s enough to put cnwirlMta country&#13;
music on the jukebox to drive away black cuatoners.&#13;
Nor does the presence or absence of blacks or women in a gay bar&#13;
necessarily have anythiig to do with whether or not the bar's owners&#13;
or managers personally hold r a c i s t or assist views. To some extent,&#13;
customers can be counted upon to do t h e i r ovn self-selecting.&#13;
Philadelphia&#13;
Barbara Gittinga., a/woman who has been active in the gay r i g h ts&#13;
movement for many years, observwl, "When gay people congregate socially,&#13;
they do want to be among t h i r own kind." iefcee liany others agree that&#13;
gay ran are lively to want to be among other men, and gay women among&#13;
other wemsn*&#13;
Often, bar managers feel they are simply trying to mold an 'image"&#13;
that will attract people with the -oat money to spend, "hits middle-clasa&#13;
men generally tend to bo those people, ^hus, a bar that attracts&#13;
such people will sell a lot of liquor, while a bar that attracts large&#13;
numbers of blacks, for example, may have idle bartenders whila the customers&#13;
are busy dancing. That, at least, i s the image sone bar manager have in&#13;
mind.&#13;
So if the bar managers are only trying to make their customers&#13;
feel £ comforxtable with people of their own kind, and i f M M peyolple&#13;
have more money than others and are therfore better customers, what's&#13;
wrong with that picture?&#13;
For one thing, any form of ovart discrimination on the basis of&#13;
race or sax i s i l l e g a l . 3h sons places, =s in • •ashington, t"ho sana lavjs&#13;
that protect gays from discrimination also co cr blacks and &gt;roraen —&#13;
add seven discrajn&#13;
"oreover, "whenever one discriminates against someone also,&#13;
that person lias le3c morgtl justification for" complaining about&#13;
discrimination against oneself," as chicago gay activist Bill Kelley&#13;
put i t . "There night be arguments about the r i g h t to coalesce in&#13;
groups of similar people, but they have t o bo balanced against&#13;
these other cosiderations," Kclley commented.&#13;
Renee ^Wiovar, a Chicago gay woman lawyer, said t hat abaaemn&#13;
aonetimes&#13;
men/tell her that woman shouldn't complain about not being ablo to&#13;
get into men's bars, becausa ama. can't comfortably enter wxien's bars.&#13;
"!§r answer is-that man ought to 9atxttaRaa±xnodaxtriiBx^adt±±Bec&amp;£x&#13;
imagine how they would feel if woiaan had °2 places to choose fron, but&#13;
men only had four or five. Of H course, i t ' s hard for white, privileged&#13;
males to put themselves in the position mentally of being exploited or&#13;
oppressed, becausod they're not."&#13;
Of course, in some places the possibility of ringling pri-narily&#13;
with one's own kind doesn't exist. liany smaller c i t i e s have oniy ono&#13;
or two gay awcfcbig bars, if ani^r. If you don't go there, you have to&#13;
make do with whatever private dinner parties you can-wangle invitations t o ,&#13;
or stay hone.&#13;
For example, Bill Smith noted:kfaadt "In I-jacony (Georgia), there are&#13;
tiro bars, where a l l the social strata ^o — rich and poor. They r e f oread&#13;
to have an uneasy truce TO. th each other."&#13;
:r;Ore&#13;
S&#13;
add civiit di3crijn&#13;
In any case, the problem of discrimination a t gay bars would&#13;
perhaps not be so serious i f there were full participation by a ll&#13;
»|iiM«tii»f colors and sexes of gay people in other aspects of tlie&#13;
r.ay c ommuniV• ^hat, however, i s not t c case.&#13;
Inclty after city, blacks and wonen participate in ,-ay&#13;
organisations and services in far smaller proportions than their&#13;
shares of the total gay populations. In Atlanta, -where blacks&#13;
up jft percent of the ciy's population and about 30 percent of the&#13;
raetropoliz±ijrtan area as a -whole, Bill Ssvith estimated that most&#13;
gay organizations are perhaps 10 or 1$ percent black. Vj'onen, however,&#13;
participato in greater numbers In several organizations, such as&#13;
the local ••ictropolitan Community 4iurch« In Boston, Sen Axlley reports&#13;
only small numbers of blacks in gay a c t i v i i s t organizations. "i-iore often&#13;
than not wefre in the minority." Even in Washington, where the&#13;
c i t y ' s population i s about 70 percent black, only a handful of blacks&#13;
are active in gay groups*&#13;
Baltiraore Is one eaMption, here, both blacks and women have&#13;
bean among the top leaders of the Baltimore Gay Alliance, the c i t y 's&#13;
political a c t i v i s t group, ainoa I t s founding. P&amp;ulette -oung, a black&#13;
gay woman, was i t s f i r s t president, "not from any tokenism, but because&#13;
she s a very ±fc gifted leader,"&#13;
»aa IIMHIMHIHH! IJtlnAy K/according to BGA secretary Silas J£HODC ' h i t e.&#13;
)r'n don't actively seek wonen or blacks, they Just are there," lie eaidj adding;&#13;
"vte keep finding out how atypical BGA i s . "&#13;
more&#13;
add nine discrijn&#13;
-&#13;
The reasons for the general lack of black participation&#13;
have been debated endlessly without resoluteionx. Boston a &amp;en ,uudley&#13;
thinks that at least part of the explanation l i e s in "tactics whites&#13;
have used over the years to re rain in the most influential position"&#13;
in society in general. likewise, the question of vronen's [Participation&#13;
in organizations which focus primarily on ^^y i-jjuas has bec&gt;n a conxtrovercial&#13;
gay&#13;
one for yearsx.But at least one reason many/women give for staying ir&gt;&#13;
all-wonen's groups i s nan's assumption, conscious or not, that men&#13;
i belong in tho driver ; . ;. .&#13;
Naturally, both racism and sexism o^ist in the society at large,&#13;
and gays to a great extent reflect thmla. Some gays, especially those&#13;
connected with 32c activist groups, believe gay people are affliacted&#13;
with less of these prejudices than a r e s traight.Sj bedaU3e gays&#13;
"know what i t ' s like to be oppressed," in tho words of one a c t i v i s t.&#13;
Whether that is true or n t , many ;_:ays believe there is enough*&#13;
discrimination by race and sex -ri-thin many |$SIJ: segments of the gay community&#13;
to constitute a problems. Sat e attempt to suppress i t -rinaixfr through legal&#13;
means, such as filing a complaint with a human r i g . t s agency. Others&#13;
seek to alleviate i t through education, as in Chicago whore the&#13;
Gay and lesbian Coalition has brief presentations on sexisn or racism&#13;
at each of i t s monthly meetings.&#13;
VJhether any of these methods will work i s an unanswerable question.&#13;
I t i s , however, an important one. After a l l , "Whenever one discriminates&#13;
against someone else, there i s less moral Justification for complaining&#13;
about discrimination against oneself."&#13;
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                  <text>The collection includes many drafts of articles he had written on the issues confronting the LGBT community of the time. They are rough drafts, with typographical errors, handwritten notes and corrections, and numerous rewrites. They are also an important source for the events and issues of the period. His files also contain primary documents, leaflets, and notes of interviews connected with the articles he wrote. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Aiken, a local gay activist, member at one time of the Gay Liberation Front and a resident of GLF House (1620 St St. NW), Washington correspondent for The Advocate, was also a member of the Stonewall Nation Media Collective which broadcast the Friends radio show on WGBT and WPFW radio for nine years. His broadcasts on Friends seem to have complemented many of the stories on which he worked. In the mid-Seventies, he chaired the Washington Area Gay Community Council. He also served as a founder of Black and White Men Together's DC chapter and edited its newsletter. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The Aiken Articles &lt;br /&gt;David Aiken's drafts of articles he submitted to the Advocate and other publications in the 1970s document many of the local and national issues confronting the LGBTQ community of the period. As such, they are an important resource of people, events, and issues for students and researchers. The collection contains Aiken's handwritten interview notes as well. The draft articles are listed below by topic.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="https://docs.google.com/document/d/e/2PACX-1vR7ZGpQXij9EKhAxYVXnkL-5pIo-T66TtXIxK1Zm_fNsBg4nhoimqkQupb3X0CFM1-Frn-mwtBLMuO4/pub" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;VIEW ONLINE FINDING AID&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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